Politics of Ethiopia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[edit]Government of Ethiopia
The government of Ethiopia is structured in the form of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government while legislative power is vested in the Parliament. The Judiciary is more or less independent of the executive and the legislature. There are 9 ethnically-based Regions_of_Ethiopia and two self-governing administrations; the country's capital Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa.
The president of Ethiopia is elected by the House of People's Representatives for
a six-year term. The prime minister is chosen by the parliament. The
prime minister is designated by the party in power following legislative
elections. The Council of Ministers, according to the1995 constitution,
is comprised by the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministers, various
Ministers and other members as determined and approved by the House of
People's Representatives. At the current time, this includes the 20
members of Council of Ministers.
The Federal Parliamentary Assembly has two chambers: the Council of People's Representatives (Yehizbtewekayoch Mekir Bet) with 547 members, elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies; and the Council of the Federation (Yefedereshn Mekir Bet) with 110 members, one for each nationality,
and one additional representative for each one million of its
population, designated by the regional councils, which may elect them
themselves or through popular elections.
The president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are
recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of
People's Representatives; for other federal judges, the prime minister
submits candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative
Council to the House of People's Representatives for appointment.
[edit]Recent history
In May 1991, a coalition of rebel forces under the name Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) defeated the government of Mengistu regime. In July 1991, the TPLF, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), and others – with the general exclusion of Amharas –
established the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), which
consisted of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a
national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution. Since
1991, Ethiopia has established warm relations with theUnited States and western Europe and has sought substantial economic aid from Western countries and World Bank.
In June 1992 the OLF withdrew from the government; in March 1993, members of the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition left the government. The Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), an ally in the fight against the Mengistu regime, assumed control of Eritrea and established a provisional government. Eritrea achieved full independence on May 24, 1993.
President Meles Zenawi and
members of the TGE pledged to oversee the formation of a multi-party
democracy. The first election for Ethiopia's 547-member constituent
assembly was held in June 1994. This assembly adopted the constitution
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in December 1994. The
elections for Ethiopia's first popularly-chosen national parliament and
regional legislatures were held in May and June 1995. Most opposition
parties chose to boycott these elections. There was a landslide victory
for theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF).
International and non-governmental observers concluded that opposition
parties would have been able to participate had they chosen to do so.
The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia was installed in August 1995. The first President was Negasso Gidada.
The EPRDF-led government of Prime Minister Meles has promoted a policy
of ethnic federalism, seemingly devolving significant powers to
regional, ethnically-based authorities. Ethiopia today has nine
semi-autonomous Regions of Ethiopia that have the power to raise and spend their own revenues.
In 2004, the government began a resettlement initiative to
move more than two million people away from the arid highlands of the
east, proposing that these resettlements would reduce food shortages.
The incumbent President is Girma Wolde-Giorgis and
has been at that position since Oct 2001. The ruling party, EPRDF was
re-elected in 2000, and then again in 2005 amidst protests and riots
that led to the death of many Ethiopians. Hundreds of political
leaders–some of whom were elected to parliamentary positions– were
arrested in connection with these protests
As of February 2006, hundreds political remained in custody, facing trial in March. About 119 people are currently facing trial, including journalists for defamation and opposition party leaders for treason. Human
rights organisations have raised concerns over the well-being of some
of these prisoners. However 8,000 prisoners have already been freed.[2 Concerns about the implications of these trials for the freedom of the press have also been raised. According
to the US Department of State 2009 human rights report, there are
hundreds of political prisoners in Ethiopia. Among them is the leader of
the largest opposition party Birtukan Midekssa. Fundamental freedoms,
including freedom of the press, are, in practice, circumscribed.
List of political parties in Ethiopia and Elections in Ethiopia
Many
parties are represented in the Ethiopia Parliament where
representatives from Oromia state hold the most positions followed by
representatives from the Amhara State.Various opposition parties—including the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces, United Ethiopian Democratic Party-Medhin Party, Somali People's Democratic Party, EDL, Gambela People's Democratic Movement, All Ethiopian Unity Party, Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement, Oromo People's Congress, and the Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front—hold many positions in the parliament.
List of political parties in Ethiopia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Ethiopia.
| Coalitions and parties | Votes | % | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front | 59.8% | 327 | |
| Coalition for Unity and Democracy | 19.9% | 109 | |
| United Ethiopian Democratic Forces | 9.5% | 52 | |
| Somali People's Democratic Party | 4.3% | 24 | |
| Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement | 2.0% | 11 | |
| Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front | 1.4% | 8 | |
| Afar National Democratic Party | 1.4% | 8 | |
| Gambela People's Democratic Movement | negligible | 3 | |
| Sheko and Mezenger People's Democratic Unity Organization | negligible | 1 | |
| Hareri National League | negligible | 1 | |
| Argoba Nationality Democratic Organization | negligible | 1 | |
| Independent | negligible | 1 | |
| Total | 100% | 546 |
Some other political pressure groups include the Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia (CAFPDE) Beyene Petros and the Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition (SEPDC) [Beyene Petros].
The coalition of opposition parties and some individuals that was established in 2009 to oust at the general election in 2010 the regime of the TPLF, Meles Zenawi’s party that has been in power since 1991, published a 65-page manifesto in Addis Ababa on October 10, 2009.
Some of the eight member parties of this Ethiopian Forum for Democratic Dialogue (FDD or Medrek in Amharic) include the Oromo Federalist Congress (organized by the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement and the Oromo People’s Congress), the Arena Tigray (organized by former members of the ruling party TPLF), the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ, whose leader was imprisoned), and the Coalition of Somali Democratic Forces.
[edit]2005 Ethiopian general elections
Main article: Ethiopian general elections, 2005
Ethiopia held its third general election in May 2005,
which drew a record number of voters, with 90% of the electorate
turning out to cast their vote. While the election was deemed by the
European Union election observer team to fall short of international
standards for fair and free elections, other teams drew different
conclusions. The African Union report on September 14 commended "the
Ethiopian people's display of genuine commitment to democratic ideals and
on September 15 the US Carter Center concluded that "the majority of
the constituency results based on the May 15 polling and tabulation are
credible and reflect competitive conditions". The
US Department of State said on September 16, "these elections stand out
as a milestone in creating a new, more competitive multi-party
political system in one of Africa's largest and most important
countries." Even
the EU preliminary statement of 2005 also said "...the polling
processes were generally positive. The overall assessment of the process
has been rated as good in 64% of the cases, and very good in 24%".
The
opposition complained that the ruling EPRDF engaged in widespread vote
rigging and intimidation, alleging fraud in 299 constituencies. The ruling party complained that the main opposition party CUD's AEUP sub party had engaged in intimidation. All
allegations were investigated by the National Electoral Board of
Ethiopia in cooperation with election monitors, a process which delayed
the release of the final results. In June 2005, with the results of the
election still unclear, a group of university students protested these
alleged discrepancies, encouraged by supporters of the Coalition for
Unity opposition party, despite a ban on protests imposed by the
government. On June 8, 26 people were killed in Addis Ababa as a result of rioting, which led to the arrest of hundreds of protesters.On
September 5, 2005, the National Elections Board of Ethiopia released
the final election results, which confirmed that the ruling Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front retained its control of the
government, but showed that opposition parties had increased their share
of parliamentary seats, from 12 to 176. The Coalition for Unity and
Democracy won all the seats in Addis Ababa, both for the Parliament and
the City Council.
Street
protests broke out again when the opposition called for a general
strike and boycotted the new Parliament, refusing to accept the results
of the election. The
police forces once again attempted to contain the protests, and this
time, 42 people were killed in Addis Ababa, including seven policemen,
and another of whom later died because of fatal injuries caused by a
hand grenade detonation. Thousands were arrested, and were taken to
various detention centers across the country. As of February 2006, six hundred remained in custody, facing trial in March.
On
14 November, the Ethiopian Parliament passed a resolution to establish a
neutral commission to investigate the incidents of June 8 and November 1
and 2. In
February 2006, UK Prime Minister Blair, acknowledging that the EPRDF
has won the election, said he wanted to see Ethiopia resolve its
internal problems and continue on a democratic path.
With
Ethiopia’s national election in May 2010 approaching, some opposition
groups begun to hint a boycott, accusing the government of stepping up
harassment against them. Despite growing claims of "harassment" and
"undemocratic actions" perpetrated by the ruling party, the Forum for
Democratic Dialogue (FDD), Ethiopia’s biggest alliance of opposition
political parties declared in October 2009 that it will contest in the
scheduled election.
Gebru Asrat, a former ally of PM Meles Zenawi, said that his party’s primary efforts were "to engage in negotiation with the government on key election issues" ahead of the election, but he added that the government was reluctant.
FDD
insists to engage in a pre-election negotiation on 10 key subjects,
among which the issues of access to the media for campaigning, the
supremacy of law, the free access of international observers, the
establishment of an independent electoral board and a stop to harassment
and pressure on opposition members.
